A Review of the Functional Characteristics and Applications of Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry), in the Food Industry.

The Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, also known as Maqui, is an endemic berry native to southern Chile. It is a very popular berry for its nutritional attributes and health benefits, provided mainly by its polyphenols. This review aims to investigate the Maqui and its nutritional characteristics, its health benefits, and the application of Maqui in the food industry. This fruit provides 150 calories per 100 g of product and has a low protein content and a high fiber content. Its seeds contain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); however, its most outstanding feature is its high value of bioactive compounds, mainly anthocyanins, indole alkaloids and flavonoids, coumarins, caffeic and ferulic acids, and delphinidin 3-O-ß-glucoside, the latter being the most representative, providing Maqui with high antioxidant activity. Maqui is considered a fruit of high interest as a nutraceutical product for the control and prevention of ongoing diseases, and among its benefits, we can highlight glycemic and metabolic control; the control and prevention of obesity, cancer, cognitive decline, and dementia; the prevention and treatment of bone structure alterations; prevention against oxidative stress, particularly in cigarette smoke-induced stress. In addition to its nutraceutical use, Maqui has been used in the food industry to improve the shelf life (by controlling lipid oxidation) and nutritional value of food products and as a substitute for synthetic additives. In addition, the inclusion of Maqui improves the organoleptic and sensory characteristics of foods. The incorporation of this fruit has been observed mainly in drinks, meat products, bakery products, and milk products. Evidence has shown that Maqui consumption, as well as products with Maqui added, have a good acceptability and exert benefits on people's health. Knowledge about the application of Maqui in food will allow us to create new nutraceutical and food products that improve their nutritional and functional value.

Comparison of Consumption of Pulses in Two Seasons of the Year in Chile.

BACKGROUND: In Chile, the consumption of legumes at least two times per week is promoted. However, there is a low consumption of legumes. Therefore, our objective is to describe legume consumption in two different seasonal periods. METHODS: Serial cross-sectional study: surveys were distributed during summer and winter using different digital platforms. Frequency of consumption, purchase access, and preparation type were investigated. RESULTS: In total, 3280 adults were surveyed in summer and 3339 in winter. The mean age was 33 years. Totals of 97.7% and 97.5% of the population reported consuming legumes in both periods; consumption increased to 3 times per week during winter. In both periods, the main reason for their preference is that they are delicious and nutritious, followed by their use as a meat substitute; the main barriers to their consumption in both periods are that they are expensive (29% in summer and 27.8% in winter) and difficult to prepare. CONCLUSION: A good consumption of legumes was observed, but with a higher frequency of consumption during winter, with an intake of ≥1 per day; additionally, differences were found in purchases according to season, although no differences were found in the method of preparation.

Consumption of Pulses among Chilean Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians during the Covid-19 Pandemic.

The aim of the present study was to compare the frequency of consumption, access to purchase, and type of preparations with pulses among people who eat a vegetarian/vegan or non-vegetarian diet during the COVID-19 pandemic.Cross-sectional surveys were distributed using different digital platforms and social networks. We investigated the frequency of consumption, access to purchase any type of preparations. Descriptive analyses were performed. Differences between the types of diet were tested by Chi-squared statistics.A total of 3339 adults participated in the survey in March 2021, 80% of the total participants were females; 13.6% were vegetarian or vegan (VV). The consumption of pulses increased by 25% among non-vegetarians and 54.5% in VV (p by 25% among non-vegetarians and 54.5% in VV (vey in March 2021, 80% of the total participants were females; 13.6% were vegetarian or vegan (VV). The consumption of pulses preparations. Descriptive analyses were performfood with high satiating power, when compared with the opinions of non-vegetarians (p ood with high satiating power, when cconsumption of pulses were observed in less than 30% of the respondents, but the percentage was lower among VV, the most common negative beliefs are "They are difficult to prepare" and "My family does not like them." Food preparations including pulses are more diverse among VV, and consumption being significantly higher in the 10 alternatives of preparations included in the study.These results highlight the importance of identifying the knowledge, practices, frequency, and preferences of consumption of legumes in the population to stimulate their consumption. Although we observed an increase in the consumption of legumes among those in the sample, the VV group showed a higher frequency of consumption, consumption of different types of legumes and varied preparation, and greater knowledge about the beneficial properties of legumes.

Relación entre microbiota intestinal y sarcopenia en pacientes con enfermedad de parkinson. Revisión / Relation between intestinal microbiota and sarcopenia in patients with parkinson disease. a review

Fundamentos: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que presenta diversas manifestaciones motoras y no motoras. La sarcopenia, presente en 1 de cada 5 pacientes con EP se asocia a la severidad de la enfermedad contribuyendo a incrementar la morbi-mortalidad de quienes la padecen. Distintas investigaciones han encontrado que los pacientes con EP presentan una alteración de las bacterias que residen en el sistema digestivo, estableciendo un eje intestino-cerebro que explicaría muchas de las complicaciones de la EP. Además existe el eje intestino-musculo que explicaría alguna de las causas de la severidad de la sarcopenia en pacientes con EP. El objetivo fue analizar la relación existente entre microbiota intestinal y sarcopenia en personas que padecen enfermedad de Parkinson.Métodos: Se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: NCBI, EBSCO, ProQuest, aplicando las palabras claves y MeSH: (“gut microbiota” OR microbiota OR microbiome OR flora) AND sarcopenia AND Parkinson. Resultados: La primera búsqueda no arrojó resultados, por elcual se decidió eliminar los filtros, aun así, el resultado no fue satisfactorio. La segunda búsqueda se realizó eliminando la enfermedad de Parkinson, y tras aplicar filtros establecidos se obtuvo 1 artículo que cumplía con el objetivo de la revisión. Debido a los escasos de resultados se decidió realizar la revisióncomo narrativa. Conclusiones: La evidencia encontrada hace pensar que la relación que existe entre la MI y sarcopenia en pacientes con EP es la activación del estado inflamatorio, que deriva de la interacción de las bacterias intestinales con el sistema inmunológico. (AU)

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that presents various motor and non-motormanifestations. Sarcopenia is present in one of five patients with PD, associated with the severity of the disease contributing to increase in morbidity and mortality of those who suffer from it. Researchers have found that patients with PD present an alteration of the bacteria residing in the digestive system establishing an axis gut-brain that would explain much of the complications in PD but there also exists the axis intestine-muscle that would explain some causes of the severity of the sarcopenia in patients with PD. The objective was to analyze the existence between gut microbiota andsarcopenia in persons that have Parkinson's disease Methods: The following data bases were used: NCBI,EBSCO, ProQuest, applying the key words and MeSH: (“gut microbiota” OR microbiota OR microbiome OR flora) ANDsarcopenia AND Parkinson. Results: The first finding did not yield results thereforedeciding to delete the filters even so the result was not satisfactory. The second finding was carried out by eliminating Parkinson's disease and after applying the filters established 1 paper was obtained which meets with the objective of the review. Due to the limited results, it was decided to carry out the review as a narrative. Conclusions: The evidence found makes think that the relation existing between the MI and Sarcopenia in patientswith PD is the activation of the inflammatory state, which derives from the interaction of intestinal bacteria with theimmune system. (AU)

Variación de la composición corporal en hombres chilenos de acuerdo al consumo de lácteos / Summary: Variation of Body Composition in Chilean Men According to Suggested Dairy Consumption

De acuerdo a investigaciones recientes, el consumo de lácteos, además de presentar un alto valor nutritivo, se asocia a un menor peso corporal, atribuyéndole importantes beneficios para la salud. El objetivo del estudio es asociar el consumo de lácteos con la composición corporal, en hombres físicamente activos. Estudio transversal analítico, se evaluaron a 375 hombres, se aplicó encuesta de hábitos alimentarios y antropometría. De los voluntarios evaluados, la edad promedio fue de 23,8 ± 6,9 todos con escolaridad secundaria completa. Con respecto al consumo de lácteos el 35,5 % consumía al menos de 1 vez al día, 28 % 1 porción al día, 9,3% 2 porciones al día y 2,9 % 3 porciones/día. Los que consumen ≥2 porción de lácteos al día presentaban menor IMC, peso y grasa corporal, que aquellos que consumen < de 2 porciones de lácteos. Se presentan correlaciones negativas entre una mayor frecuencia de consumo de lácteos con grasa corporal, % grasa corporal y relación cintura cadera. Al asociar el consumo de ≥ 2 porciones se observó una asociación negativa con % grasa corporal. Finalmente, los sujetos que consumen ≥2 porciones/día de lácteos presentan significativamente menor IMC, peso y % grasa corporal, al realizar las asociaciones con el consumo de ≥ 2 porciones de lácteos solo se mantiene el % de grasa corporal(AU)

According to recent research, the consumption of dairy, in addition to presenting a high nutritional value, is associated with lower body weight, attributing important health benefits. The objety of the study is to associate dairy consumption with body composition in physically active men. Analytical cross-sectional study, 375 men were evaluated, in which a survey of eating habits and anthropometry was applied. Of the volunteers evaluated, the mean age was 23.8 ± 6.9 years and all had completed secondary education. Regarding dairy consumption, 35.5 % consumed at least 1 time a day, 28 % 1 portion a day, 9.3 % 2 portions a day and 2.9 % 3 portions / day. Those who consumed ≥2 servings of dairy products per day had lower BMI, weight and body fat than those who consumed <2 servings of dairy. There are negative correlations between a higher frequency of dairy consumption with body fat (k), body fat % and waist-to-hip ratio. When associating the consumption of ≥ 2 servings, a negative association with body fat% was observed. Finally, the subjects who consume ≥2 servings / day of dairy products have significantly lower BMI, weight and body fat%, when making the associations with the consumption of ≥ 2 servings of dairy only the % body fat is maintained(AU)

Consumo de bebidas azucaradas y composición corporal en soldados chilenos / Consumption of soft drinks and body composition in chilean soldiers

Objetivo: Comparar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas (BA) con la composición corporal en soldados. Métodos: A soldados se les realizó una encuesta alimentaria para determinar frecuencia de consumo de BA, además se midió la talla, el peso y composición corporal. Resultados: Se evaluaron a 375 soldados, la edad promedio de 23,7 ± 6,9 años. El 94.6% indica consumir BA, de ellos el 71% consumen ≥1 vaso de BA/día y un 23,4% ≥ 3 vasos/ día. La edad de mayor consumo de ≥1 vaso/día corresponde a los menores de 30 años con un 76,9%, seguido de los mayores de 40 años con un 50%. Los soldados que consumen ≥1 vaso de BA/día presentan un menor peso corporal, Índice de masa corporal (IMC), % de grasa corporal y proporción cintura cadera que aquellos que consumen ≤1 vaso de BA (p<0,001), sin embargo, presentan significativamente una menor edad (p<0,001). El mayor consumo de BA se encuentra en los grupos que presentan peso normal. Conclusiones: Se observa una elevada prevalencia de consumo de BA que sobrepasa al 90%. Sin embargo, el consumo de ≥1 vaso de BA se presenta en soldados jóvenes y con menor peso y grasa corporal

Introduction: Chile is the main consumer of soft drinks (SD) in the world. Objective: To compare the consumption of SD with body composition in soldiers. Methods: a cross-sectional study, male soldiers underwent a food survey to determine the frequency of SD consumption, and an anthropometric evaluation was carried out that included a measurement of height, weight and body composition. Results: 375 soldiers were evaluated, the average age being 23.7 ± 6.9 years. 94.6% of the sample indicates SD consumption, of which 71% consumed ≥1 glass of SD / day and 23.4% ≥ 3 glasses / day. The age of greatest consumption of ≥1 glass / day corresponds to those under 30 with 76.9%, followed by those over 40 with 50%. Soldiers who consume ≥1 glass of SD / day have less body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat% and hip waist ratio than those who consume ≤1 glass of SD (p <0.001), However, they present a significantly lower age (p <0.001). The highest consumption of SD is found in the groups that present normal weight and body fat

Determinación de ingesta y fuentes dietéticas de vitaminaB12 en adultos mayores chilenos / Determination of intake and dietetic sources of vitamin B12in Chileans elderly

Fundamentos: La Vitamina B-12 es una de las vitaminas fundamentales para la salud del adulto mayor (AM).El objetivo fue determinar y caracterizar el consumo de Vitamina B-12 en población AM en la Región Metropolitana. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, se entrevistaron a 250 AM del gran Santiago, ≥ 60 años, a cada AM se le aplicó una encuesta de tendencia de consumo adaptada solo con alimentos de origen animal para obtener la ingesta diaria de Vitamina B-12.Resultados:Del total de hombres encuestados un 8% está bajo el Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR) y un 14% bajo la Dosis Diaria Recomendada (RDA), en mujeres un 3,2% estaba bajo el EAR y 9,1% bajo el RDA. Se observa una mayor ingesta en los hombres solo en el grupo de huevos, y una tendencia al mayor consumo en hombres de embutidos y cecinas, en el resto de alimentos no se presentan diferencias significativas. En mujeres la leche representa el mayor aporte de Vitamina B-12 (43%), seguida por el huevo (14%), vacuno (13%), pescado (6%), en hombres en cambio el 36% de la Vitamina B-12 es aportada por leche, huevos (17%), vacuno (14%) y mariscos (8%). Conclusiones: Se observó un bajo porcentaje de AM que presentan un bajo consumo de Vitamina B-12, y que la mayor parte de esta vitamina es aportada por lácteos y huevos

Background: Vitamin B-12 is one of the fundamental vitamins for health of the elderly (EL). The objective was to determine and characterize the consumption of Vitamin B-12 in the EL population in the Metropolitan Region. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, 250 EL were interviewed in Santiago of Chile, ≥ 60 years, to each survey was applied adapted only withfood of animal origin to obtain the daily intake of vitamin B-12. Results: 221 surveys that were complete were analyzed. Of the total men surveyed, 8% are under the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and 14% under the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), in women 3.2% were under the EAR and 9.1% under the RDA. A higher intake is observed in men only in eggs, and a tendencyin a greater consumption of sausage in men, in the rest of foods there are no significant differences. In women milk represents the highest contribution of vitamin B-12 (43%), followed by egg (14%), beef (12%) andfish, the difference in men 36% of vitamin B-12 is contributed by milk, eggs (17%), beef (14%) and seafood (8%). Conclusions: We observed a low percentage of AM that present a low consumption of vitamin B-12, and that most of this vitamin is contributed by dairy products and eggs

Insomnio, latencia al sueño y cantidad de sueño en estudiantes universitarios chilenos durante el periodo de clases y exámenes / Insomnia, sleep latency and quantity of sleep in chilean university students during a periods of classes and exam

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la cantidad de horas de sueño, somnolencia diurna e insomnio antes y durante un periodo de clases y exámenes. Material y métodos: Se evaluó a 384 alumnos de ambos sexos (74,1% mujeres), quienes reportaron su peso y estatura. A cada estudiante se le aplicó el Cuestionario de Insomnio y la Escala De Somnolencia de Epworth en el periodo de clases y periodo de exámenes. Resultados: Al comparar la somnolencia diurna, insomnio, latencia al sueño y cantidad de horas de sueño entre periodo de clases y exámenes se observó un incremento en la latencia al sueño (p<0,05) durante los exámenes. Al realizar la comparación según estado nutricional se observó, en el caso de las mujeres, que aquellas que presentan sobrepeso/obesidad tienen una menor cantidad de horas de sueño en ambos periodos (p<0,05); en hombres, los que presentan sobrepeso/obesidad tienen una mayor somnolencia diurna en exámenes (p<0,01). Al realizar la regresión logística tomando como variable dependiente somnolencia diurna, en mujeres se incrementa el riesgo de somnolencia diurna: OR=3,1 (IC95 % 1,1-8,8); en cambio, la ausencia de insomnio es un factor protector para somnolencia diurna: OR=0,06 (IC95 % 0,01-0,35). Conclusión: En periodo de exámenes se incrementa significativamente la latencia al sueño, en especial en mujeres; en hombres se observa una disminución de las horas de sueño. Finalmente, las mujeres presentan un mayor riesgo de somnolencia diurna; en cambio, la ausencia de insomnio es un factor protector. Ni el estado nutricional ni el consumo de cafeína se asociaron con problemas de sueño.

Abstract Objective: To determine the factors associated with sleep duration, daytime somnolence and insomnia before and after a period of classes and exams periods. Material and methods: 384students (74.1% female) were evaluated, who reported their weight and height. The insomnia questionnaire and Epworth sleepiness scale were administered to each student during class period and exams period. Results: When comparing daytime somnolence, insomnia, sleep latency and the amount of sleeping hours between classes and exam periods an increase in sleep latency (p <0.05) was observed during exams. Fewer hours of sleep were observed in both periods (p <0.05) in women with overweight / obesity. In men, those who are overweight / obese show a higher daytime somnolence during exam periods (p <0.01). By performing the logistic regression analysis using daytime somnolence as a dependent variable, being a woman increases the risk of daytime somnolence (OR = 3.1, 95 % CI 1.1 to 8.8), whereas the absence of insomnia is a protective factor for daytime somnolence (OR = 0.06, 95 % CI 0.01 to 0.35). Conclusion: Sleep latency is significantly increased during exam period, especially in women; in men a decrease is observed in sleep hours. Finally, women present high risk of diurnal somnolence, in difference the absence of insomnia is a protective factor, however the nutritional status and caffeine intake was not associated with sleeping problems.

[Association between breakfast intake and quality of life among self-sufficient Chilean elderly]. / Asociación del consumo de desayuno y la calidad de vida en adultos mayores autonomos chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Elderly people are becoming more prevalent in our country, which studies in this group are relevant. Moreover, the health impact of breakfast consumption is demonstrated in school groups. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breakfast consumption is associated with better quality of life in self-sufficient Chilean elderly. METHODS: We interviewed 1,285 elderly (> 60 years) of both sexes. We applied two surveys (food and healthy lifestyles surveys), then an anthropometric evaluation was conducted. RESULTS: 5.6% of older adults does not consume breakfast. Those who consume breakfast had a better quality of life (p = 0.004), specifically in men breakfast intake is associated with lower body mass index (BMI) (p=0.002). Moreover, the results indicate that the proportion of elderly who smokes and does not take breakfast is higher, as well as, greater responsibility in health, nutrition, stress management are greater in those that take breakfast. Finally there was an association between breakfast consumption and better nutrition (p = 0.01) and self-realization (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Consumption of breakfast in older adults is associated with better quality of life.

Introducción: Los adultos mayores (AM) son cada vez más prevalentes en nuestro país, por lo cual se hace relevante los estudios en este grupo de edad. Por otra parte el impacto en la salud que tiene el consumo de desayuno y la calidad de este, está demostrado en grupos de escolares. Objetivo: Determinar si el consumo de desayuno está asociado a una mejor calidad de vida en AM chilenos autonomos. Metodología: Se entrevistó a 1285 AM (> 60 años) autonomos de ambos sexos. A cada AM se le aplicaron dos encuestas (encuesta alimentaria y estilos de vida saludables), posteriormente se realizó una evaluación antropométrica. Resultados: El 5,6% de los AM no consume desayuno. Los que consumen desayuno presentan una mejor calidad de vida (p=0,004), destacándose en hombres un menor índice de masa corporal (IMC) cuando se toma desayuno (p=0,002). Por otra parte, los resultados indican que es mayor la proporción de AM que fuma y que no toma desayuno, así como, una mayor responsabilidad en salud, nutrición, manejo del estrés en quienes si desayunan. Finalmente hubo una asociación entre la ingesta de desayuno y mejor nutrición (p=0,01) y autorrealización (p=0,005) Conclusión: Los AM que consumen desayuno, presentan una mejor calidad de vida que quienes no los consumen.

Asociación del consumo de desayuno y la calidad de vida en adultos mayores autonomos chilenos / Association between breakfast intake and quality of life among self-sufficient Chilean elderly

Introducción: Los adultos mayores (AM) son cada vez más prevalentes en nuestro país, por lo cual se hace relevante los estudios en este grupo de edad. Por otra parte el impacto en la salud que tiene el consumo de desayuno y la calidad de este, está demostrado en grupos de escolares. Objetivo: Determinar si el consumo de desayuno está asociado a una mejor calidad de vida en AM chilenos autónomos. Metodología: Se entrevistó a 1285 AM (> 60 años) autónomos de ambos sexos. A cada AM se le aplicaron dos encuestas (encuesta alimentaria y estilos de vida saludables), posteriormente se realizó una evaluación antropométrica. Resultados: El 5,6% de los AM no consume desayuno. Los que consumen desayuno presentan una mejor calidad de vida (p=0,004), destacándose en hombres un menor índice de masa corporal (IMC) cuando se toma desayuno (p=0,002). Por otra parte, los resultados indican que es mayor la proporción de AM que fuma y que no toma desayuno, así como, una mayor responsabilidad en salud, nutrición, manejo del estrés en quienes si desayunan. Finalmente hubo una asociación entre la ingesta de desayuno y mejor nutrición (p=0,01) y autorrealización (p=0,005) Conclusión: Los AM que consumen desayuno, presentan una mejor calidad de vida que quienes no los consumen (AU)

Introduction: Elderly people are becoming more prevalent in our country, which studies in this group are relevant. Moreover, the health impact of breakfast consumption is demonstrated in school groups. Objective: To determine whether breakfast consumption is associated with better quality of life in self-sufficient Chilean elderly. Methods: We interviewed 1,285 elderly (> 60 years) of both sexes. We applied two surveys (food and healthy lifestyles surveys), then an anthropometric evaluation was conducted. Results: 5.6% of older adults does not consume breakfast. Those who consume breakfast had a better quality of life (p = 0.004), specifically in men breakfast intake is associated with lower body mass index (BMI) (p=0.002). Moreover, the results indicate that the proportion of elderly who smokes and does not take breakfast is higher, as well as, greater responsibility in health, nutrition, stress management are greater in those that take breakfast. Finally there was an association between breakfast consumption and better nutrition (p = 0.01) and self-realization (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Consumption of breakfast in older adults is associated with better quality of life (AU)